![]() In particular, when the correlation lengths in space and/or time of the interfacial system become comparable to that of a given molecular property, how that property is altered will now depend sensitively on the specifics of the interfacial geometry and chemistry. ![]() (12) However, at present, we lack the ability to accurately predict most molecular processes in such systems because interfacial and confinement effects violate our understanding of these same processes gained from bulk phase studies. Interfacially induced changes of molecular properties feed up at an operational level to a diverse range of chemical, biophysical, and applied environmental (1) and energy systems including the following: (2) the membrane pores for chemical separations and 2D crystals (3) used for clean water generation, (4) nanoconfinement chemistry, (5) soft matter self-assembly, (6) complex interfaces for heterogeneous catalysis for targeted energy reactions, (7) intergranular corrosion in metals, (8) aerosol and atmospheric particles, (9,10) and reaction rate acceleration in nanodroplets (11) and microdroplets. Chemistry rarely occurs in a homogeneous aqueous phase but, instead, occurs inside niches, within crevices, between surfaces, and at impurity sites involving interfaces between two or more phases of gases, liquids, or solids.
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